bagher ghalibaf; Marjan Badiee; Yashar Zaki; Mosayeb Gharehbeygi
Abstract
After the four decades, the Islamic Republic of Iran has used political and economic models that has left special influences in the geographical space of Iran according to the political thought embedded in it. However, the common point of all spatial patterns in the Islamic Republic of Iran has been ...
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After the four decades, the Islamic Republic of Iran has used political and economic models that has left special influences in the geographical space of Iran according to the political thought embedded in it. However, the common point of all spatial patterns in the Islamic Republic of Iran has been activism within a completely centralized pattern. The increasing concentration of affairs in centralized political-spatial units causes shortcomings and inadequacies that disrupt the spatial distribution of justice and development at the same time; Because the political-spatial units that make up countries have a different and heterogeneous set of natural-human elements and factors. Hence, the issue of the form and process of spatial distribution of power in such units has always been a fundamental concern of geographers. Iran, as a political-spatial unit, has also struggled with the functional patterns of power distribution. In this regard, the present study with a descriptive-analytical method has investigated the feasibility of using the semi-centralized model of local government for the optimal distribution of power within the judiciary and security in Iran. The results show that by doubling the spatial distribution of power in Iran into two parts of local affairs and governance, a logical framework for the application of each of these two parts emerges. In judicial affairs, organizations such as the Registry of Deeds and Property, the Organization of Prisons and Security-Training Measures, the Center for Dispute Resolution Councils, and the Forensic Medicine Organization have an increasing capacity to delegate to local governments due to their service-welfare nature. In the field of security, the categories and organizations in the police force, such as the Passport Office, the Public Service Organization, categories of the Preventive Police and the Traffic Police, due to the preventive nature and services can be Delegate local affairs representatives.
Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf; Mohammad Hadi Pooyandeh; Mosayeb Gharebigi
Abstract
Extended abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
The term “state” owing to its simultaneous presence in two epistemological and scientific fields named political science and political geography has assumed multiple meanings, applications, natures and synonyms, in a way that it has stirred a kind of chaos and ...
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Extended abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
The term “state” owing to its simultaneous presence in two epistemological and scientific fields named political science and political geography has assumed multiple meanings, applications, natures and synonyms, in a way that it has stirred a kind of chaos and lack of consensus, especially among political geographers. According to various texts, “state” is an abstract entity, intertwined with a selection of notions, values, and thoughts concerning human and spatial issues. Accordingly, the present research tries to analyze the spatial-philosophical aspects of the word “ state” and answer the question as to the reasons why this word has gained varied and sometimes contradictory synonyms and meanings (especially in the fields of political science and political geography in Iran).
2. METHOD
In terms of collecting the data, the present research is a qualitative one, and in terms of its nature is regarded as a foundational research. With respect to the method of processing and interpreting the data, Meta-analysis has been used. Meta-analysis is a collection of methods used to resolve the contradictions created by researches conducted concerning a single topic. Meta-analysis converts the findings of various researches to a joint scale, investigates the relation among research specifics and the findings and finally, proposes an overarching suggestion for converging the studies. The present research, in line with its objective which concerns the investigation of divergences and conceptual, theoretical and semantic contradictions of the term “state” among political geography’s thinkers and theoreticians and its attempt to bring viewpoints, in an overarching manner, together can be categorized as a meta-analysis.
3. DISCUSSION
Every concept in geography, considering the comprehensive and holistic epistemological nature of this science, gains a “comprehensive and universal “feature, where no other rational trajectory neither can nor should be traversed, before unwinding the interwoven elements and components of this twisted skein. Nonetheless, it seems that any attempt to resolve such a conflict would be irrational. The only rational thing remains paying attention to the “spatial, comprehensive, holistic and multiplicity” basis in geographical concepts which stem from its epistemology. It seems that incorporation of spatial, geographical structures and factors such as “ land”, “ country”, “ nation”, “ regime” and “ governance” have paved the way for its plurality of sense and profusion of meaning, to the degree that meanings and concepts of “state” are closer to reality that in addition to structure-agency views, incorporate “spatial” and “holistic geographic” views.
So on the basis of the epistemological feature of geography (to which political geography belongs) the conceptual expansion and long range of inclusiveness in political geography is neither too surprising nor paradoxical. The word “state” contains simultaneous and multifold other meanings such as “ land”, “ government” , “ governance” and “ people” and unless these elements are included and combined in creating a whole, we cannot use the word “state” for it. Thus, only when the biologic and cultural feature specific to humans, i.e. territoriality, adopts a national (concerning a population with a given and fixed identity) and political (a country, when all the elements of the administration, governance, execution and management or government are organized) quality can it represent a word called “state” in the political geography.
4. CONCLUSION
State is an abstract concept, intertwined with a collection of concepts, values, and thoughts regarding human and spatial issues and owing to its simultaneous presence in two disparate epistemological and scientific fields called political science and political geography it has assumed multiple meanings, applications, natures and synonyms. The word state, in its general sense, has a meaning of “condition” and “situation”. This concept, in order to materialize in the fields under discussion, has no other way than to be manifested in its material components. Among the components of “state”, the concepts of nation, regime, and country has been used, many times, interchangeably thus causing multiple meanings for the concept of “state” such as country, regime, administrative, executive branch and etc. The findings of this research indicate that each of these concepts (country, regime and nation), in different situations where the concept of “state” can be situated, can carry its semantic features. For instance, when there is a geographical and territorial understanding of “state” , it comes very close to the concept of “country” and when its administrative-executive aspect is intended, it referrers to the government .So, the profusion of the meanings of “state” is not in contradiction with its main sense. To put it simply, “state” in some situations is synonymous with country and in others with government or political society. This does not damage its abstract and main meaning, since without these components, “state” has no meaning and in order to become materialized and manifest in various situations, it is dependent upon its constituent elements.
